Intra-national versus international trade in the European Union: why do national borders matter?

The objective of this paper is to determine the border effects in the European Union through the use of the gravity equation and distance measure. The author examines also the determinants of the cross-commodity variation in national border effects. Whereas non-tariff barriers are analysed as non significant by the author, technical barriers to trade and product-specific information costs raise border effects.

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Oznake
economic development border regions border effect evidence and data