This article in Applied Geography by Arjen J.E.Edzes, Jouke van Dijk and Lourens Broersma considered if and how cross-border commuting between EU-countries reduces inequality. Despite 40% of the EU consisting of border regions, cross-border commuting is still a relatively rare phenomenon.

The research found that when factoring in gender, age, education and employment sector, the results massively vary on an individual level, and it is hard to draw full conclusions. What is however certain is that cross-border commuting contributes to economic growth, European integration, and further cohesion in border regions.